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技术 2022年11月15日
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装饰器:本质是函数,用于装饰其他函数,在不改变其他函数的调用和代码的前提下,增加新功能

原则:

1.不能修改被装饰函数的源代码

2.不能修改被装饰函数的调用方式

3.装饰函数对于被装饰函数透明

参考如下链接:

http://egon09.blog.51cto.com/9161406/1836763

实现装饰器的需求:

  1. 函数即“变量”,函数名指向内存中的函数体,加()表示调用
  2. 高价函数,将函数当做参数传递给其他函数
  3. 嵌套函数,在函数体内再定义函数

1.调用简单的函数:

import time
def test1():
time.sleep(1)
print('in the test1')
test1()output:
in the test1

2.在不改变原来函数的定义和调用方式,增加计时功能

import time
def timmer(func):
def warpper(*args,**kwargs):
start_time=time.time()
func()
stop_time=time.time()
print('the func run time is %s' %(stop_time-start_time))
return warpper@timmer
def test1():
time.sleep(1)
print('in the test1')
test1()output:
in the test1
the function run time is -1.0007600784301758:
# /usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Author:Jenvid.yang
# def foo():
# print('in the foo')
# bar()
# foo()
# bar() 未定义,肯定会报错# def bar():
# print('in the bar')
# def foo():
# print('in the foo')
# bar()
# foo()# def foo():
# print('in the foo')
# bar()
# def bar():
# print('in the bar')
# foo()
# 定义函数的时候,只是用函数名指向内存地址,只要函数执行步骤在函数定义之后即可,各函数间前后关系不影响# def foo():
# print('in the foo')
# bar()
# foo()
# def bar():
# print('in the bar')

函数名及调用关系

总结1:定义函数的时候,只是用函数名指向内存地址,只要函数执行步骤在函数定义步骤之后即可,各函数间定义先后不影响,与变量定义先后一个道理

高阶函数

1.把一个函数名当做实参传给另外一个函数–实现装饰器:不修改被装饰函数下,给源代码,也就是被装饰函数增加新功能

2.返回值中包含函数名–实现装饰器:不修改函数的调用方式

  • 函数返回实参函数内存地址
def bar():
print('in the bar')
def test1(func):
print(func)
test1(bar)
print('分割线'.center(,'-'))
def test2(func):
return func
fff=test2(bar) # 将内存地址,也就是函数体,也就是test2返回值,赋值给一个变量
fff() # 变量加上(),表示调用
output:
<function bar at 0x7f5fa0a7d730>
-------------分割线--------------
in the bar
  • 高阶函数传参方式实现源代码bar没有被更改,调用方式被更改了
import time
def bar():
time.sleep(1)
print('in the bar')
def test1(func):
start_time=time.time()
func()
stop_time=time.time()
print('the function run time is %s' % (stop_time-start_time))
test1(bar)
output:
in the bar
the function run time is 1.0011107921600342
#被调用函数原来调用方式是:bar(),函数体里面的内容也没有更改
#新的函数是test1,调用的是test1(),改变了调用函数名,如果有生产线上已经在调用bar(),这种情况下意味着所有的调用bar函数的其他函数,都需要将bar改成test1
  • 高阶函数返回值方式实现函数调用方式不更改
import time
def bar():
time.sleep()
print('in the bar')
def test1(func):
start_time=time.time()
return func
stop_time=time.time()
print('the function run time is %s' % (stop_time-start_time))
bar=test1(bar)
bar()
output:
in the bar
# 高阶函数返回内存地址实现调用方式不更改,但函数的新功能又没加上
  • 嵌套函数,在高阶函数下,给新功能函数增加多一层函数嵌套
import time
def bar():
time.sleep(1)
print('in the bar')
def timmer(func):
def test1():
start_time=time.time()
func()
stop_time=time.time()
print('the function run time is %s' % (stop_time-start_time))
return test1 #返回test1的内存地址
bar=timmer(bar) #将bar函数地址作为实参传递给timmer函数的形参func,func将在嵌套函数test1里面进行调用
bar() #此时的bar其实是timmer函数地址,并不是原来的bar
output:
in the bar
the function run time is 1.0010881423950195
  • 语法糖
import time
def timmer(func):
def test1():
start_time=time.time()
func()
stop_time=time.time()
print('the function run time is %s' % (stop_time-start_time))
return test1
# bar=timmer(bar)
@timmer #只需要在被调用函数的前面用关键字符“@装饰器函数”,既可以实现装饰器效果
def bar():
time.sleep(1)
print('in the bar')
bar()
output:
in the bar
the function run time is 1.0011053085327148
import time
def timmer(func):
def warpper(): #一般将装饰器嵌套函数名命名为warpper 据说懂了这个可以解决90%的问题
start_time=time.time()
func()
stop_time=time.time()
print("the function run time is %s:" %(start_time-stop_time))
return warpper
@timmer #这里还是相当于更改被装饰函数的’变量名‘内存地址 bar=timmer(bar)
def bar():
time.sleep(1)
print('in the bar')
bar()
  • 装饰器参数传值-被装饰函数传1个值
import time
def timmer(func):
def warpper(name):
start_time=time.time()
func(name)
stop_time=time.time()
print("the function run time is %s:" %(start_time-stop_time))
return warpper
@timmer
def test1(name):
time.sleep()
print('in the test1 %s',name)
test1('alex')
output:
in the test1 %s alex
the function  run time is -1.0006732940673828:
  • 装饰器参数传值-被装饰函数传2个值
import time
def timmer(func):
def warpper(name,age):
start_time=time.time()
func(name,age)
stop_time=time.time()
print("the function run time is %s:" %(start_time-stop_time))
return warpper
@timmer
def test1(name,age):
time.sleep()
print('in the test1 name is %s,age is %d'%(name,age))
test1('alex',)
output:
in the test1 name is alex,age is 18
the function  run time is -1.000108003616333:
  • 装饰器参数传值-被装饰函数传n个值
import time
def timmer(func):
# print('func timmer')
def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
print('打印实参:',args,kwargs)
start_time=time.time()
func(*args,**kwargs)
stop_time=time.time()
print("the function run time is %s:" % (stop_time-start_time))
return wrapper
@timmer
# test1=timmer(test1)
def test1(name,age):
time.sleep()
print('in the test1 func, name is %s,age is %d' % (name,age))
test1('alex',)@timmer
# test1=timmer(test1)
def test2(name,age,sex,salary):
time.sleep()
print('in the test1 func, name is %s,age is %d,sex is %s,salary is %d' % (name,age,sex,salary))
test2('alex',,'man',)
output:
打印实参: ('alex', 18) {}
in the test1 func, name is alex,age is 18
the function  run time is 1.0013768672943115:
打印实参: ('alex', 18, 'man', 3000) {}
in the test1 func, name is alex,age is 18,sex is man,salary is 3000
the function  run time is 1.0012915134429932:
  • 试错过程:
  • import time
    def timmer(func):
    def warpper():
    # print('打印实参:',args,kwargs)
    start_time=time.time()
    func()
    stop_time=time.time()
    print("the function run time is %s:" % (stop_time-start_time))
    return warpper
    @timmer #这里相当于test1=timmer(test1)=wrapper,test1加上参数相当于test1(name,age)=wrapper(name,age)
    def test1(name,age):
    time.sleep()
    print('in the test1 name is %s,age is %s'%(name,age))
    test1('alex',)
    输出如下:
    /usr/bin/python3. /root/PycharmProjects/S14/day04/bin/decoreate03.py
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/root/PycharmProjects/S14/day04/bin/decoreate03.py", line , in <module>
    test1('alex',)
    TypeError: warpper() takes positional arguments but were givenProcess finished with exit code 1
    step1:定义装饰器函数体timmer
    step2:语法糖,调用装饰器函数,准备装饰下一行函数,返回内层嵌套函数变量warpper内存地址
    step3:定义函数体test1
    step4:调用函数test1,将test1作为实参,传递给装饰器timmer
    step5:warpper函数调用,需要讲test1的实参传递给wrapper,由于命名空间关系,test1的参数无法传递到warpper,func也无法获得实参
  • 给包装函数warrper增加形参
  • import time
    def timmer(func):
    def warpper(name,age):
    # print('打印实参:',args,kwargs)
    start_time=time.time()
    func()
    stop_time=time.time()
    print("the function run time is %s:" % (stop_time-start_time))
    return warpper
    @timmer #test1=timmer(test1)
    def test1(name,age):
    time.sleep(1)
    print('in the test1 name is %s,age is %s'%(name,age))
    test1('alex',18)
    输出如下
    /usr/bin/python3.5 /root/PycharmProjects/S14/day04/bin/decoreate03.py
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/root/PycharmProjects/S14/day04/bin/decoreate03.py", line 17, in <module>
    test1('alex',18)
    File "/root/PycharmProjects/S14/day04/bin/decoreate03.py", line 9, in warpper
    func()
    TypeError: test1() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'name' and 'age'
    这个解释很明显,func就是test1,缺少了2个位置参数,把func()改成func(name,age)即正确
  • # /usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    # Author:Jenvid.yang
    import time
    def timmer(func): #func=test2
    def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
    start_time=time.time()
    func(*args,**kwargs)
    stop_time=time.time()
    print('func run time is %s' %(stop_time-start_time))
    return wrapper@timmer
    def bar():
    time.sleep(1)
    print('in the bar')
    bar()
    @timmer #test2=timmer(test2)=warpper ->test2(name)=warpper(name)
    def test2(name):
    time.sleep(1)
    print('in the test2',name)
    test2('alex')

    课堂分析源码

  • 被装饰函数如果带有返回值的情况
import time
def timmer(func):
# print('func timmer')
def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
print('打印实参:',args,kwargs)
start_time=time.time()
func(*args,**kwargs)
stop_time=time.time()
print("the function run time is %s:" % (stop_time-start_time))
return wrapper
@timmer
# test1=timmer(test1)
def test1(name,age,address):
time.sleep(1)
print('in the test1 func, name is %s,age is %d,address is %s' % (name,age,address))
test1('alex',18,'nuber001')
# @timmer
# test1=timmer(test1)
def test3(name,age,sex,salary):
time.sleep(1)
# print('in the test1 func, name is %s,age is %d,sex is %s,salary is %d' % (name,age,sex,salary))
return (name,age,sex,salary)
print(test3('alex',18,'man',3000))
输出如下:
/usr/bin/python3.5 /root/PycharmProjects/S14/day04/decoreate02.py
打印实参: ('alex', 18, 'nuber001') {}
in the test1 func, name is alex,age is 18,address is nuber001
the function  run time is 1.0009291172027588:
('alex', 18, 'man', 3000)Process finished with exit code 0
函数test1,没有返回值,装饰后正常输出
函数test2,带有返回值,没有装饰,打印了实参元组
如果test2装饰后呢?
import time
def timmer(func):
# print('func timmer')
def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
print('打印实参:',args,kwargs)
start_time=time.time()
func(*args,**kwargs)
stop_time=time.time()
print("the function run time is %s:" % (stop_time-start_time))
return wrapper
@timmer
# test1=timmer(test1)
def test1(name,age,address):
time.sleep(1)
print('in the test1 func, name is %s,age is %d,address is %s' % (name,age,address))
test1('alex',18,'nuber001')
@timmer
# test1=timmer(test1)
def test3(name,age,sex,salary):
time.sleep(1)
# print('in the test1 func, name is %s,age is %d,sex is %s,salary is %d' % (name,age,sex,salary))
return (name,age,sex,salary)
print(test3('alex',18,'man',3000))
输出如下:
打印实参: ('alex', 18, 'nuber001') {}
in the test1 func, name is alex,age is 18,address is nuber001
the function  run time is 1.0010955333709717:
打印实参: ('alex', 18, 'man', 3000) {}
the function  run time is 1.0010552406311035:
None
带有返回值的test2被装饰后,变成了None,改变了原函数的输出,这是不允许的给包装函数中的调用原函数增加赋值和返回值:
import time
def timmer(func):
# print('func timmer')
def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
print('打印实参:',args,kwargs)
start_time=time.time()
res=func(*args,**kwargs) #用一个变量保存原函数输出值
stop_time=time.time()
print("the function run time is %s:" % (stop_time-start_time))
return res #返回原函数结果给wrapper
return wrapper
@timmer
# test1=timmer(test1)
def test1(name,age,address):
time.sleep(1)
print('in the test1 func, name is %s,age is %d,address is %s' % (name,age,address))
test1('alex',18,'nuber001')
@timmer
# test1=timmer(test1)
def test3(name,age,sex,salary):
time.sleep(1)
# print('in the test1 func, name is %s,age is %d,sex is %s,salary is %d' % (name,age,sex,salary))
return (name,age,sex,salary)
print(test3('alex',18,'man',3000))
输出如下:
打印实参: ('alex', 18, 'nuber001') {}
in the test1 func, name is alex,age is 18,address is nuber001
the function  run time is 1.0010664463043213:
打印实参: ('alex', 18, 'man', 3000) {}
the function  run time is 1.0010428428649902:
('alex', 18, 'man', 3000)
  • 语法糖带参数情况,index使用本地验证,home使用ldap验证,同一个装饰器,如何实现不同的验证方式?
  • def deco(func):
    def wrapper(username,password):
    print('I am 包装1')
    func(username,password)
    print('I am 包装2')
    return wrapper
    @deco(auth_type='local')
    def index(username,password):
    print('welcome to index page',username)
    index('yzw','secret')
    @deco(auth_type='ldap')
    def home(username,password):
    print('welcome to home page',username)
    home('alex','secret')
  • 再嵌套一层函数
  • def auth(auth_type):
    def out_wrapper(func):
    def wrapper(username,password):
    if auth_type == 'local':
    print('via local certification')
    print('I am 包装前')
    func(username,password)
    print('I am 包装后')
    elif auth_type == 'ldap':
    print('嘻嘻嘻嘻')
    func(username, password)
    print('via ldap certfication')
    return wrapper
    return out_wrapper
    @auth(auth_type='local')
    #1.全部不带参数,相当于index=deco(index)
    #2.被装饰函数带参数,相当于index=deco(index)=wrapper ->index(args)=wrapper(args)
    #3.语法糖带参数,就需要多嵌套一层外层函数,将语法糖的参数传递给这一外层函数
    def index(username,password):
    print('welcome to index page <local>',username)
    index('yzw','secret')
    @auth(auth_type='ldap')
    def home(username,password):
    print('welcome to home page <ldap>',username)
    home('alex','secret')
    输出如下:
    /usr/bin/python3.5 /root/PycharmProjects/S14/day04/bin/decorate04.py
    via local certification
    I am 包装前
    welcome to index page <local> yzw
    I am 包装后
    嘻嘻嘻嘻
    welcome to home page <ldap> alex
    via ldap certficationProcess finished with exit code 0
  • #/usr/bin/env python
    #-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    #Author:jenvid.yang
    def auth(auth_type):
    def out_wrapper(func):
    def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
    if auth_type == 'local':
    print('via local certification')
    func(*args,**kwargs)
    elif auth_type == 'ldap':
    print('via ldap certfication')
    func(*args, **kwargs)
    return wrapper
    return out_wrapper
    @auth(auth_type='local')
    #1.全部不带参数,相当于index=deco(index)
    #2.被装饰函数带参数,相当于index=deco(index)=wrapper ->index(args)=wrapper(args)
    #3.语法糖带参数,就需要多嵌套一层外层函数,将语法糖的参数传递给这一外层函数
    def index(username,password):
    print('welcome to index page <local>',username)
    index('yzw','secret')
    @auth(auth_type='ldap')
    def home(username,password):
    print('welcome to home page <ldap>',username)
    home('alex','secret')

    改成万能参数

  • # /usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    # Author:Jenvid.yang
    import time
    user,passwd='alex','abc123'
    def auth(auth_type):
    print('auth func:',auth_type)
    def outer_wrapper(func):
    def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
    print('wrapper func args:',*args,**kwargs)
    if auth_type == 'local':
    username=input('username:').strip()
    password=input('password:').strip()
    if user == username and passwd == password:
    print('\033[32;1m user has passed authentication \033[0m')
    res = func(*args,**kwargs)
    print('xxxxx')
    return res
    else:
    exit('\033[31;1m invalid username or password \033[0m')
    elif auth_type == 'ldap':
    print('xxxx')
    return wrapper
    return outer_wrapper
    # @auth
    def index():
    print('welcome to index page')
    @auth(auth_type='local') #home=wrapper()
    def home():
    print('welcom to home page')
    return ('from home')
    # 函数结果被改变
    @auth(auth_type='ldap')
    def bbs():
    print('welcome to bbs page')index()
    print(home()) # wrapper()
    bbs()

    课堂分析源码

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