回顾：
keepalived: vrrp协议的实现；
虚拟路由器：
MASTER，BACKUP
VI：Virtual Instance
keepalived.conf
GLOBAL
VRRP
LVS

keepalived(2)

# man keepalived.conf

VRRP instance(s)和VRRP synchronization group(s)都有邮件通知选项

在虚拟实例VI中的主机状态发生改变生发送通知：

# notify scripts, alert as above   //自行写一个脚本

notify_master <STRING>|<QUOTED-STRING>   //只有被操作的当前节点转换为MASTER时，就发送这里指明的通知信息(即<STRING>|<QUOTED-STRING>)

notify_master “/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master”

//最后的master是参数，当给脚本传递master参数时，定义的脚本就会发送当前主机转换为master状态

notify_backup <STRING>|<QUOTED-STRING>   //同上，当前节点转换为BACKUP时…，<STRING>表示字符串，<QUOTED-STRING>表示引号引起来的字串

notify_fault <STRING>|<QUOTED-STRING>    //当前节点转换为fault…

notify <STRING>|<QUOTED-STRING>          //只要状态转换，就通知…

smtp_alert

定义通知脚本

# cd /etc/keepalived

# vim notify.sh

 #!/bin/bash # Author: MageEdu <linuxedu@foxmail.com>
 # description: An example of notify script vip=172.16.100.88
 contact='root@localhost'    //邮件联系人即发给谁 notify() {
     mailsubject="`hostname` to be $1: $vip floating"    //邮件标题，$1接收传递的第一个参数，如果传递的参数时master，则当前主机转换为master，则上面定义的vip发生流动float。     
       mailbody="`date '+%F %H:%M:%S'`: vrrp transition, `hostname` changed to be $1" //邮件主题，hostname` changed to be $1   定义当前主机转换的状态
     echo $mailbody | mail -s "$mailsubject" $contact
 } case "$1" in
     master)
         notify master
         exit
         ;;     backup)
         notify backup
         exit
         ;;     fault)
         notify fault
         exit
         ;;     *)
         echo 'Usage: `basename $0` {master|backup|fault}'
         exit
         ;;
 esac

# bash notify.sh master   //执行这个脚本，并传递参数，如果显示无法找到mail命令，则安装mail

# yum install mailx

# mail

Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help.
“/var/spool/mail/root”: 2 messages 1 new 2 unread
 U 1 root Sat Dec 8 21:40 19/699 “node1 to be master: 192.168.184.141 floating”
>N 2 root Sat Dec 8 22:39 18/689 “node1 to be master: 192.168.184.141 floating”
& q
Held 2 messages in /var/spool/mail/root

下面结合1和2博客里面的配置进行实例演示

在vrrp_instance中定义分别接收不同参数的方式调用警告邮件的脚本/etc/keepalived/notify.sh，来发出告警信息

# scp -p notify.sh node2:/etc/keepalived/    //把脚本复制到node2上，注意这里是免密交互

# vim keepalived.conf   //在141实例1的末尾添加，同样在142节点的配置文件中做修改

 vrrp_instance VI_1 {
     ......
     virtual_ipaddress {
 4         192.168.184.150/
 5     }
 6
 7     track_script {
 8         chk_down
 9     }
10     notify_master "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master"
11     notify_backup "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh backup"
12     notify_fault "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault"
13 }

# systemctl restart keepalived; ssh node2 ‘systemctl restart keepalived’

You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root   //此时直接提示有邮件信息

# touch down   //在node1上创建down文件，前面已经配置，此文件可使node1节点的优先级减2变为backup

# vim /var/spool/mail/root   //进入此文件，可以看到node1节点成为backup。

# ip addr list   //这里查看node1的VIP，已经漂移到node2上。

# rm -rf down    //删除town文件，注意操作路径都是在/etc/keepalived

# ip addr list   //再次查看VIP，此时已经在node1上了

# vim /var/spool/mail/root    //进入邮件进行查看，可以看出node1上的VIP称为master

# mail   //同时也可以直接使用mail命令进行查看

同时在node2节点上也很会有mail通知，查看方式一样，但提前时必须安装mail，#yum install mailx

如何实现为keepalived提供ipvs规则(如何在高可用服务vrrp所提供的资源流转之外，真正实现负载均衡)

# man keepalived.conf

LVS CONFIGURATION
    contains subblocks of Virtual server group(s) and Virtual server(s)

The subblocks contain arguments for ipvsadm(8). Knowledge of ipvsadm(8) will be helpful here.

Virtual server(s)
    A virtual_server can be a declaration of one of   //三种方法

vip vport (IPADDR PORT pair)   //ip+端口，这里及支持tcp协议有支持UDP协议，支持哪种协议要用protocol进行定义

fwmark <INT>       //防火墙标记

(virtual server) group <STRING>   //意义不大

如何设定LVS集群
#setup service
virtual_server IP port |
virtual_server fwmark int |
virtual_server group string
{
# delay timer for service polling
delay_loop <INT>   //service polling的延时计时器，keepalived不仅可以实现LVS规则的自动生成，还可以对各real server做健康状态检测，
                  //delay_loop表示每隔多久向各real server发一次健康状态探查命令，还可以指明多少次
# LVS scheduler
lb_algo rr|wrr|lc|wlc|lblc|sh|dh   //负载均衡所支持的调度算法

# Enable hashed entry
hashed
# Enable flag- for scheduler (-b flag- in ipvsadm)# Enable One-Packet-Scheduling for UDP (-O in ipvsadm) //每一个报文单独进行调度，DUP协议是无连接的，UDP协议每发一个报文都是一个新请求，是否对UDP报文的每一个请求都单独调度，
ops                                                    //否则可以使ipvs实现追踪效果
# LVS forwarding method
lb_kind NAT|DR|TUN             //lvs的类型
# LVS persistence engine name
persistence_engine <STRING>
# LVS persistence timeout in seconds, default  minutes
persistence_timeout [<INT>]    //持久时长
# LVS granularity mask (-M in ipvsadm)
persistence_granularity <NETMASK>
# L4 protocol
protocol TCP|UDP|SCTP      //设定支持的协议
# If VS IP address is not set,
# suspend healthchecker's activity
ha_suspendlvs_sched   # synonym for lb_algo
lvs_method  # synonym for lb_kind

# VirtualHost string for HTTP_GET or SSL_GET  //如果高可用的是web服务器的话，web服务器有可能支持虚拟主机
  # eg virtualhost www.firewall.loc
  virtualhost <STRING>   //定义对哪个虚拟主机基于HTTP_GET或SSL_GET方式做健康状态检测

# RS to add when all realservers are down
  sorry_server <IPADDR> <PORT>    //提示错误信息
  # applies inhibit_on_failure behaviour to the
  # preceding sorry_server directive
  sorry_server_inhibit

# HTTP and SSL healthcheckers
 real_server <IPADDR> <PORT>
                     {
                         # relative weight to use, default:
                         weight <INT>
                         # Set weight to  when healthchecker detects failure
                         inhibit_on_failure                         # Script to execute when healthchecker
                         # considers service as up.
                         notify_up <STRING>|<QUOTED-STRING> [username [groupname]]
                         # Script to execute when healthchecker
                         # considers service as down.
                         notify_down <STRING>|<QUOTED-STRING> [username [groupname]]                         uthreshold <INTEGER> # maximum number of connections to server
                         lthreshold <INTEGER> # minimum number of connections to server                         # pick one healthchecker
                         # HTTP_GET|SSL_GET|TCP_CHECK|SMTP_CHECK|DNS_CHECK|MISC_CHECK                         # HTTP and SSL healthcheckers
                         HTTP_GET|SSL_GET
                         {
                             # An url to test
                             # can have multiple entries here
                             url {
                               #eg path / , or path /mrtg2/
                               path <STRING>
                               # healthcheck needs status_code
                               # or status_code and digest
                               # Digest computed with genhash
                               # eg digest 9b3a0c85a887a256d6939da88aabd8cd
                               digest <STRING>
                               # status code returned in the HTTP header
                               # eg status_code . Default is any 2xx value
                               status_code <INT>
                             }
                             # number of get retries
                             nb_get_retry <INT>    //访问失败后重试几次
                             # delay before retry   //
                             delay_before_retry <INT>   //每一次超时重试之前需要等多长时间                             # ======== generic connection options
                             # Optional IP address to connect to.
                             # The default is the realserver IP
                             connect_ip <IP ADDRESS>     //指明对哪个主机做健康状态检测
                             # Optional port to connect to
                             # The default is the realserver port
                             connect_port <PORT>    //指明端口
                             # Optional interface to use to
                             # originate the connection
                             bindto <IP ADDRESS>    //指在本机的哪个接口发出健康状态检测，应该是DIP所在的网卡
                             # Optional source port to
                             # originate the connection from
                             bind_port <PORT>      //自己的port
                             # Optional connection timeout in seconds.
                             # The default is  seconds
                             connect_timeout <INTEGER>
                             # Optional fwmark to mark all outgoing
                             # checker packets with
                             fwmark <INTEGER>                             # Optional random delay to start the initial check
                             # for maximum N seconds.
                             # Useful to scatter multiple simultaneous
                             # checks to the same RS. Enabled by default, with
                             # the maximum at delay_loop. Specify  to disable
                             warmup <INT>
                         } #HTTP_GET|SSL_GET

TCP检测机制
 # TCP healthchecker
                         TCP_CHECK
                         {
                             # ======== generic connection options
                             # Optional IP address to connect to.
                             # The default is the realserver IP
                             connect_ip <IP ADDRESS>
                             # Optional port to connect to
                             # The default is the realserver port
                             connect_port <PORT>
                             # Optional interface to use to
                             # originate the connection
                             bindto <IP ADDRESS>
                             # Optional source port to
                             # originate the connection from
                             bind_port <PORT>
                             # Optional connection timeout in seconds.
                             # The default is  seconds
                             connect_timeout <INTEGER>
                             # Optional fwmark to mark all outgoing
                             # checker packets with
                             fwmark <INTEGER>                             # Optional random delay to start the initial check
                             # for maximum N seconds.
                             # Useful to scatter multiple simultaneous
                             # checks to the same RS. Enabled by default, with
                             # the maximum at delay_loop. Specify  to disable
                             warmup <INT>
                             # Retry count to make additional checks if check
                             # of an alive server fails. Default:
                             retry <INT>
                             # Delay in seconds before retrying. Default:
                             delay_before_retry <INT>
                         } #TCP_CHECK

实例演示

基于DR模型，director和各real server在同一个交换机上。两台director做高可用，VIP在同一时刻只能在两台director的其中一台上。为了实现错误提时页面，需要在两台keepalived即director上都需要安装http服务，启动web服务。由于ipvs上定义了ipvs集群，所以客户端的请求都会调度到后端的real server上，一旦后端的real server都宕机，两台director可以为客户端的请求转移到自己127.0.0.1的80端口上，提供错误页面的服务。

1、准备工作：彼此可以解析主机名(这里设置四台主机都可以解析，其实两台director可以解析就可以)、同时时间

# vim /etc/hosts   //四台主机同时修改

192.168.184.141 node1
192.168.184.142 node2
192.168.184.143 node3
192.168.184.144 node4

# ssh-keygen  //生成密码，实现免密交互

# ssh-copy-id -i /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.184.142   //分发到142、143、144三台主机

# yum install ntp -y

# ntpd -u cn.pool.ntp.org   或者 #ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org

# date; ssh node2 ‘date’; ssh node3 ‘date’; ssh node4 ‘date’   //同时查看四台主机时间是否同步

Mon Dec 10 20:31:48 CST 2018
Mon Dec 10 20:31:48 CST 2018
Mon Dec 10 20:31:49 CST 2018
Mon Dec 10 20:31:49 CST 2018

2、准备两台real server，分别是192.168.184.143和192.168.184.144

# rpm -q httpd   //查看两台RS是否安装httpd服务

# yum install httpd  //安装

# echo “<h1>Web on RS1：143</h1>” > /var/www/html/index.html   //在143主机上创建主页

# echo “<h1>Web on RS2：144</h1>” > /var/www/html/index.html   //同上，在RS2

3、设置RS的arp_announce和arp_ignore，注意两台RS都要设置

# vim set.sh   //两台RS都需要设置

 #!/bin/bash
 # vip=192.168.184.150
 case $ in
     start)
         echo  > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore
         echo  > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/arp_ignore
         echo  > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce
         echo  > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/arp_announce
         ifconfig lo: $vip netmask 255.255.255.255 broadcast $vip up
         route add -host $vip dev lo:
         ;;
     stop)
         ifconfig lo: down
         echo  > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore
         echo  > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/arp_ignore
         echo  > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce
         echo  > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/arp_announce
 esac

# bash -x set.sh start

# ip addr list

# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore     //结果为1

# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce   //结果为2

以上两台RS配置完成，下面配置两台director(手动生成vip和生成ipvs规则)

# yum install ipvsadm -y

# ip addr add 192.168.184.150/32 dev eth0    //手动添加VIP，在141上

# ip addr list

# ping 192.168.184.150   //在director2即142主机上测试新添加的VIP是否生效

在两台director上添加规则

# ipvsadm -A -t 192.168.184.150:80 -s rr
# ipvsadm -a -t 192.168.184.150:80 -r 192.168.184.143 -g -w 1
# ipvsadm -a -t 192.168.184.150:80 -r 192.168.184.144 -g -w 2
# ipvsadm -L -n

# ipvsadm -C   //清空规则

# ip addr del 192.168.184.150/32 dev eth0   //删除VIP

# ip addr list   //查看网络信息，如果有路由则需要删除路由

从以上测试可以知道两台director是没有问题的，主要是测试是否可以对后端两台RS做负载均衡

下面为了使两台director拥有sorry服务，做一下配置：

# yum install httpd   //安装httpd服务

# echo “<h1>Sorry,under maintance：141</h1>” > /var/www/html/index.html

# echo “<h1>Sorry,under maintance：142</h1>” > /var/www/html/index.html   //创建web页面

下面为两台director配置和使用keepalived

# yum install keepalived

# cd /etc/keepalived

# cp keepalived.conf keepalived.conf.bak

# vim keepalived.conf   //注意这里用不到ipvsadm

! Configuration File for keepalivedglobal_defs {
   notification_email {
       root@localhost      //修改
   }
   notification_email_from kaadmin@localhost    //修改
   smtp_server 127.0.0.1      //这里必须修改
   smtp_connect_timeout    ...
}

vrrp_script chk_mt {
   script "/etc/keepalived/down.sh"
   interval 1
   weight -2
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface eth0
    virtual_router_id
    priority
    advert_int
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.184.150/32    //此处修改
    }   
    track_script {    //定义调用脚本
        chk_mt
    }
    notify_master "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh master"    //邮件通知
    notify_backup "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh backup"
    notify_fault "/etc/keepalived/notify.sh fault"
}

virtual_server 192.168.200.150 80 {   //根据协议+端口定义virtual_server
     delay_loop 6   //检查失败时要检查几遍
     lb_algo wrr     
     lb_kind DR    //负载均衡的类型，修改

nat_mask 255.255.0.0   //这里采用规范
     #persistence_timeout 50   //这里去掉，不做持久链接
     protocol TCP

real_server 192.168.201.143 80 {   //健康状态检测
         weight 1
         HTTP_GET {    //这里是HTTP协议
            url {
                path /
                status_code 200  //这里只对状态进行判断
            }
            #url {   //可以对多个url进行检查，这里只检查一个
            #    path /mrtg/
            #    digest 9b3a0c85a887a256d6939da88aabd8cd
            #}
            connect_timeout 3
            nb_get_retry 3
            delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}

virtual_server 192.168.184.150 80 {    //定义另一个real server
    delay_loop 6
    lb_algo wrr
    lb_kind DR
    net_mask 255.255.0.0
    protocol TCP

real_server 192.168.184.144 80 {
         weight 2
         HTTP_GET {
             url {
                 path /
                 status_code 200
             }
             connect_timeout 3
             nb_get_retry 3
             delay_before_retry 3
        }
    }
}

# vim /etc/keepalived.conf  //在director2上只需作如下修改

 vrrp_instance VI_1 {
     state BACKUP     //这里为备份
     interface eth0
     virtual_router_id
     priority 99   //修改优先级
     advert_int
     authentication {
         auth_type PASS
         auth_pass
     }
       ....

# vim notify.sh   //编写邮件通知脚本

 #!/bin/bash
 # vip=172.168.184.150
 contact='root@localhost'   notify() {
     mailsubject="`hostname` to be $1: $vip floating"
     mailbody="`date '+%F %H:%M:%S'`: vrrp transition, `hostname` changed to be $1"
     echo $mailbody | mail -s "$mailsubject" $contact
 } case "$1" in
    master)
       notify master
       exit
       ;;      backup)
       notify backup
       exit
       ;;
    fault)
       notify fault
       exit
       ;;      *)
       echo 'Usage: `basename $0` {master|backup|fault}'      exit
 esac

# vim down.sh

# chmod +x down.sh

 #!/bin/bash
 # [[ -f /etc/keepalived/down ]] && exit  || exit 

以上配置就是两条director的配置

# systemctl start keepalived; ssh node2 ‘systemctl start keepalived’

# yum install mailx -y   //安装邮件服务

此时模拟让一个后端的real server下线，比如是143下线

# systemctl stop httpd

# systemctl start httpd

上面实验可以看出使用keepalived实现了后端real server的健康状态检测；

下面启用安装在两台director上的sorry页面服务

# vim keepalived.conf

   ...
 virtual_server 192.168.184.150  {
     delay_loop
     lb_algo wrr
     lb_kind DR
     net_mask 255.255.0.0
     protocol TCP
     sorry_server 127.0.0.1 80   //添加     real_server 192.168.184.143  {
         weight
         ...

这里先不重启两台director，而是先把director1宕机，测试director2能不能工作

# touch down   //在director1即141上创建town文件，此时VIP就漂移到director2上了

此时VIP在director2节点上，使用140节点做客户端看是否director2是否能够正常工作，对两条real server143和144做负载均衡

以上测试证明director1宕机时，director2把VIP夺过去开始对后端的real server进行负载均衡

下面把后端的两台real server全部宕机，然后在director2即142上实现sorry服务

# systemctl stop httpd  //两条real sever的httpd服务器全部停掉

此时在浏览器中访问VIP就可以实现sorry服务了

# rm -rf down  //在141即director1上删除down文件

# ip addr list   //此时141已经把VIP从142上夺过来了

再次刷新页面，可以发现是141即director1提供的sorry服务

HA Services:

nginx

100: -25

96: -20 79 –> 99 –> 79

博客作业：

keepalived 高可用 ipvs

nginx

active/active