目录：
- Django ORM执行原生SQL
- QuerySet方法大全
一、Django ORM执行原生SQL
# extra
# 在QuerySet的基础上继续执行子语句
# extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)# select和select_params是一组，where和params是一组，tables用来设置from哪个表
# Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
# Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
# Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
# Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])举个例子：
models.UserInfo.objects.extra(
select={'newid':'select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>%s'},
select_params=[1,],
where = ['age>%s'],
params=[18,],
order_by=['-age'],
tables=['app01_usertype']
)
"""
select
app01_userinfo.id,
(select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>1) as newid
from app01_userinfo,app01_usertype
where
app01_userinfo.age > 18
order by
app01_userinfo.age desc
"""# 执行原生SQL
# 更高灵活度的方式执行原生SQL语句
# from django.db import connection, connections
# cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
# cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
# row = cursor.fetchone()
二、QuerySet方法大全
##################################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET #
##################################################################def all(self)
# 获取所有的数据对象def filter(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 条件查询
# 条件可以是：参数，字典，Qdef exclude(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 条件查询
# 条件可以是：参数，字典，Qdef select_related(self, *fields)
性能相关：表之间进行join连表操作，一次性获取关联的数据。 总结：
1. select_related主要针一对一和多对一关系进行优化。
2. select_related使用SQL的JOIN语句进行优化，通过减少SQL查询的次数来进行优化、提高性能。def prefetch_related(self, *lookups)
性能相关：多表连表操作时速度会慢，使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。 总结：
1. 对于多对多字段（ManyToManyField）和一对多字段，可以使用prefetch_related()来进行优化。
2. prefetch_related()的优化方式是分别查询每个表，然后用Python处理他们之间的关系。def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 用于实现聚合group by查询 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id'))
# SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1)
# SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1)
# SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1def distinct(self, *field_names)
# 用于distinct去重
models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct()
# select distinct nid from userinfo 注：只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重def order_by(self, *field_names)
# 用于排序
models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age')def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)
# 构造额外的查询条件或者映射，如：子查询 Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid']) def reverse(self):
# 倒序
models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse()
# 注：如果存在order_by，reverse则是倒序，如果多个排序则一一倒序 def defer(self, *fields):
models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id')
或
models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id')
#映射中排除某列数据 def only(self, *fields):
#仅取某个表中的数据
models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id')
或
models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id') def using(self, alias):
指定使用的数据库，参数为别名（setting中的设置）##################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS #
##################################################def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None):
# 执行原生SQL
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo') # 如果SQL是其他表时，必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表') # 为原生SQL设置参数
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,]) # 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名
name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'}
Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map) # 指定数据库
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default") ################### 原生SQL ###################
from django.db import connection, connections
cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..)def values(self, *fields):
# 获取每行数据为字典格式def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs):
# 获取每行数据为元祖def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):
# 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容
# kind只能是："year"（年）, "month"（年-月）, "day"（年-月-日）
# order只能是："ASC" "DESC"
# 并获取转换后的时间
- year : 年-01-01
- month: 年-月-01
- day : 年-月-日 models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC')def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None):
# 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容，将时间转换为指定时区时间
# kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"
# order只能是："ASC" "DESC"
# tzinfo时区对象
models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC)
models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai')) """
pip3 install pytz
import pytz
pytz.all_timezones
pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’)
"""def none(self):
# 空QuerySet对象####################################
# METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES #
####################################def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
# 聚合函数，获取字典类型聚合结果
from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid'))
===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4}def count(self):
# 获取个数def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取单个对象def create(self, **kwargs):
# 创建对象def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None):
# 批量插入
# batch_size表示一次插入的个数
objs = [
models.DDD(name='r11'),
models.DDD(name='r22')
]
models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10)def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
# 如果存在，则获取，否则，创建
# defaults 指定创建时，其他字段的值
obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2})def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
# 如果存在，则更新，否则，创建
# defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段
obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1})def first(self):
# 获取第一个def last(self):
# 获取最后一个def in_bulk(self, id_list=None):
# 根据主键ID进行查找
id_list = [11,21,31]
models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list)def delete(self):
# 删除def update(self, **kwargs):
# 更新def exists(self):
# 是否有结果
