本节内容：
- javascript作用域
- DOM收尾
JavaScript作用域
JavaScript的作用域一直以来是前端开发中比较难以理解的知识点，对于JavaScript的作用域主要记住几句话，走遍天下都不怕…
一、JavaScript中无块级作用域
在Java或C#中存在块级作用域，即：大括号也是一个作用域。
public static void main () { if(1==1){ String name = "seven"; } System.out.println(name); } // 报错
java
public static void Main() { if(1==1){ string name = "seven"; } Console.WriteLine(name); } // 报错
C#
在JavaScript语言中无块级作用域
function Main(){ if(1==1){ var name = 'seven'; } console.log(name); } // 输出： seven
补充：标题之所以添加双引号是因为JavaScript6中新引入了 let 关键字，用于指定变量属于块级作用域。
二、JavaScript采用函数作用域
在JavaScript中每个函数作为一个作用域，在外部无法访问内部作用域中的变量。
function Main(){ var innerValue = 'seven'; } Main(); console.log(innerValue); // 报错：Uncaught ReferenceError: innerValue is not defined
三、JavaScript的作用域链
由于JavaScript中的每个函数作为一个作用域，如果出现函数嵌套函数，则就会出现作用域链。
xo = 'alex'; function Func(){ var xo = "seven"; function inner(){ var xo = 'alvin'; console.log(xo); } inner(); } Func();
如上述代码则出现三个作用域组成的作用域链，如果出现作用域链后，那么寻找变量时候就会出现顺序，对于上述实例：
当执行console.log(xo)时，其寻找顺序为根据作用域链从内到外的优先级寻找，如果内层没有就逐步向上找，直到没找到抛出异常。
四、JavaScript的作用域链执行前已创建
JavaScript的作用域在被执行之前已经创建，日后再去执行时只需要按照作用域链去寻找即可。
示例一：
xo = 'alex'; function Func(){ var xo = "seven"; function inner(){ console.log(xo); } return inner; } var ret = Func(); ret(); // 输出结果： seven
上述代码，在函数被调用之前作用域链已经存在：
-
- 全局作用域 -> Func函数作用域 -> inner函数作用域
当执行【ret();】时，由于其代指的是inner函数，此函数的作用域链在执行之前已经被定义为：全局作用域 -> Func函数作用域 -> inner函数作用域，所以，在执行【ret();】时，会根据已经存在的作用域链去寻找变量。
示例二：
xo = 'alex'; function Func(){ var xo = "eirc"; function inner(){ console.log(xo); } xo = 'seven'; return inner; } var ret = Func(); ret(); // 输出结果： seven
上述代码和示例一的目的相同，也是强调在函数被调用之前作用域链已经存在：
-
- 全局作用域 -> Func函数作用域 -> inner函数作用域
不同的时，在执行【var ret = Func();】时，Func作用域中的xo变量的值已经由 “eric” 被重置为 “seven”，所以之后再执行【ret();】时，就只能找到“seven”。
示例三：
xo = 'alex';<br> function Bar(){ console.log(xo); } function Func(){ var xo = "seven"; return Bar; } var ret = Func(); ret(); // 输出结果： alex
上述代码，在函数被执行之前已经创建了两条作用域链：
-
- 全局作用域 -> Bar函数作用域
- 全局作用域 -> Func函数作用域
当执行【ret();】时，ret代指的Bar函数，而Bar函数的作用域链已经存在：全局作用域 -> Bar函数作用域，所以，执行时会根据已经存在的作用域链去寻找。
五、声明提前
在JavaScript中如果不创建变量，直接去使用，则报错：
console.log(xxoo);// 报错：Uncaught ReferenceError: xxoo is not defined
JavaScript中如果创建值而不赋值，则该值为 undefined，如：
var xxoo; console.log(xxoo); // 输出：undefined
在函数内如果这么写：
function Foo(){ console.log(xo); var xo = 'seven'; } Foo(); // 输出：undefined
上述代码，不报错而是输出 undefined，其原因是：JavaScript的函数在被执行之前，会将其中的变量全部声明，而不赋值。所以，相当于上述实例中，函数在“预编译”时，已经执行了var xo；所以上述代码中输出的是undefined。
DOM
二、操作（接第十五篇）
5、样式操作
var obj = document.getElementById('i1') obj.style.fontSize = "32px"; obj.style.backgroundColor = "red";
<input onfocus="Focus(this);" onblur="Blur(this);" id="search" value="请输入关键字" style="color: gray;" /> <script> function Focus(ths){ ths.style.color = "black"; if(ths.value == '请输入关键字' || ths.value.trim() == ""){ ths.value = ""; } } function Blur(ths){ if(ths.value.trim() == ""){ ths.value = '请输入关键字'; ths.style.color = 'gray'; }else{ ths.style.color = "black"; } } </script>
demo
6、位置操作
总文档高度 document.documentElement.offsetHeight 当前文档占屏幕高度 document.documentElement.clientHeight 自身高度 tag.offsetHeight 距离上级定位高度 tag.offsetTop 父定位标签 tag.offsetParent 滚动高度 tag.scrollTop /* clientHeight -> 可见区域：height + padding clientTop -> border高度 offsetHeight -> 可见区域：height + padding + border offsetTop -> 上级定位标签的高度 scrollHeight -> 全文高：height + padding scrollTop -> 滚动高度 特别的： document.documentElement代指文档根节点 */
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body style="margin: 0;"> <div style="height: 900px;"> </div> <div style="padding: 10px;"> <div id="i1" style="height:190px;padding: 2px;border: 1px solid red;margin: 8px;"> <p>asdf</p> <p>asdf</p> <p>asdf</p> <p>asdf</p> <p>asdf</p> </div> </div> <script> var i1 = document.getElementById('i1'); console.log(i1.clientHeight); // 可见区域：height + padding console.log(i1.clientTop); // border高度 console.log('====='); console.log(i1.offsetHeight); // 可见区域：height + padding + border console.log(i1.offsetTop); // 上级定位标签的高度 console.log('====='); console.log(i1.scrollHeight); //全文高：height + padding console.log(i1.scrollTop); // 滚动高度 console.log('====='); </script> </body> </html> test
test
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <style> body{ margin: 0px; } img { border: 0; } ul{ padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } .clearfix:after { content: "."; display: block; height: 0; clear: both; visibility: hidden; } .wrap{ width: 980px; margin: 0 auto; } .pg-header{ background-color: #303a40; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.2); -moz-box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.2); } .pg-header .logo{ float: left; padding:5px 10px 5px 0px; } .pg-header .logo img{ vertical-align: middle; width: 110px; height: 40px; } .pg-header .nav{ line-height: 50px; } .pg-header .nav ul li{ float: left; } .pg-header .nav ul li a{ display: block; color: #ccc; padding: 0 20px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14px; } .pg-header .nav ul li a:hover{ color: #fff; background-color: #425a66; } .pg-body{ } .pg-body .catalog{ position: absolute; top:60px; width: 200px; background-color: #fafafa; bottom: 0px; } .pg-body .catalog.fixed{ position: fixed; top:10px; } .pg-body .catalog .catalog-item.active{ color: #fff; background-color: #425a66; } .pg-body .content{ position: absolute; top:60px; width: 700px; margin-left: 210px; background-color: #fafafa; overflow: auto; } .pg-body .content .section{ height: 500px; } </style> <body onscroll="ScrollEvent();"> <div class="pg-header"> <div class="wrap clearfix"> <div class="logo"> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" > <img src="http://core.pc.lietou-static.com/revs/images/common/logo_7012c4a4.pn"> </a> </div> <div class="nav"> <ul> <li> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >首页</a> </li> <li> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >功能一</a> </li> <li> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >功能二</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pg-body"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="catalog"> <div class="catalog-item" auto-to="function1"><a>第1张</a></div> <div class="catalog-item" auto-to="function2"><a>第2张</a></div> <div class="catalog-item" auto-to="function3"><a>第3张</a></div> </div> <div class="content"> <div menu="function1" class="section"> <h1>第一章</h1> </div> <div menu="function2" class="section"> <h1>第二章</h1> </div> <div menu="function3" class="section"> <h1>第三章</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> function ScrollEvent(){ var bodyScrollTop = document.body.scrollTop; if(bodyScrollTop>50){ document.getElementsByClassName('catalog')[0].classList.add('fixed'); }else{ document.getElementsByClassName('catalog')[0].classList.remove('fixed'); } } </script> </body> </html>
demo-滚动固定
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <style> body{ margin: 0px; } img { border: 0; } ul{ padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } h1{ padding: 0; margin: 0; } .clearfix:after { content: "."; display: block; height: 0; clear: both; visibility: hidden; } .wrap{ width: 980px; margin: 0 auto; } .pg-header{ background-color: #303a40; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.2); -moz-box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.2); } .pg-header .logo{ float: left; padding:5px 10px 5px 0px; } .pg-header .logo img{ vertical-align: middle; width: 110px; height: 40px; } .pg-header .nav{ line-height: 50px; } .pg-header .nav ul li{ float: left; } .pg-header .nav ul li a{ display: block; color: #ccc; padding: 0 20px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14px; } .pg-header .nav ul li a:hover{ color: #fff; background-color: #425a66; } .pg-body{ } .pg-body .catalog{ position: absolute; top:60px; width: 200px; background-color: #fafafa; bottom: 0px; } .pg-body .catalog.fixed{ position: fixed; top:10px; } .pg-body .catalog .catalog-item.active{ color: #fff; background-color: #425a66; } .pg-body .content{ position: absolute; top:60px; width: 700px; margin-left: 210px; background-color: #fafafa; overflow: auto; } .pg-body .content .section{ height: 500px; border: 1px solid red; } </style> <body onscroll="ScrollEvent();"> <div class="pg-header"> <div class="wrap clearfix"> <div class="logo"> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" > <img src="http://core.pc.lietou-static.com/revs/images/common/logo_7012c4a4.pn"> </a> </div> <div class="nav"> <ul> <li> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >首页</a> </li> <li> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >功能一</a> </li> <li> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >功能二</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pg-body"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="catalog" id="catalog"> <div class="catalog-item" auto-to="function1"><a>第1张</a></div> <div class="catalog-item" auto-to="function2"><a>第2张</a></div> <div class="catalog-item" auto-to="function3"><a>第3张</a></div> </div> <div class="content" id="content"> <div menu="function1" class="section"> <h1>第一章</h1> </div> <div menu="function2" class="section"> <h1>第二章</h1> </div> <div menu="function3" class="section"> <h1>第三章</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> function ScrollEvent(){ var bodyScrollTop = document.body.scrollTop; if(bodyScrollTop>50){ document.getElementsByClassName('catalog')[0].classList.add('fixed'); }else{ document.getElementsByClassName('catalog')[0].classList.remove('fixed'); } var content = document.getElementById('content'); var sections = content.children; for(var i=0;i<sections.length;i++){ var current_section = sections[i]; // 当前标签距离顶部绝对高度 var scOffTop = current_section.offsetTop + 60; // 当前标签距离顶部，相对高度 var offTop = scOffTop - bodyScrollTop; // 当前标签高度 var height = current_section.scrollHeight; if(offTop<0 && -offTop < height){ // 当前标签添加active // 其他移除 active var menus = document.getElementById('catalog').children; var current_menu = menus[i]; current_menu.classList.add('active'); for(var j=0;j<menus.length;j++){ if(menus[j] == current_menu){ }else{ menus[j].classList.remove('active'); } } break; } } } </script> </body> </html>
demo-滚动菜单
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <style> body{ margin: 0px; } img { border: 0; } ul{ padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } h1{ padding: 0; margin: 0; } .clearfix:after { content: "."; display: block; height: 0; clear: both; visibility: hidden; } .wrap{ width: 980px; margin: 0 auto; } .pg-header{ background-color: #303a40; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.2); -moz-box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.2); } .pg-header .logo{ float: left; padding:5px 10px 5px 0px; } .pg-header .logo img{ vertical-align: middle; width: 110px; height: 40px; } .pg-header .nav{ line-height: 50px; } .pg-header .nav ul li{ float: left; } .pg-header .nav ul li a{ display: block; color: #ccc; padding: 0 20px; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14px; } .pg-header .nav ul li a:hover{ color: #fff; background-color: #425a66; } .pg-body{ } .pg-body .catalog{ position: absolute; top:60px; width: 200px; background-color: #fafafa; bottom: 0px; } .pg-body .catalog.fixed{ position: fixed; top:10px; } .pg-body .catalog .catalog-item.active{ color: #fff; background-color: #425a66; } .pg-body .content{ position: absolute; top:60px; width: 700px; margin-left: 210px; background-color: #fafafa; overflow: auto; } .pg-body .content .section{ height: 500px; border: 1px solid red; } </style> <body onscroll="ScrollEvent();"> <div class="pg-header"> <div class="wrap clearfix"> <div class="logo"> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" > <img src="http://core.pc.lietou-static.com/revs/images/common/logo_7012c4a4.pn"> </a> </div> <div class="nav"> <ul> <li> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >首页</a> </li> <li> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >功能一</a> </li> <li> <a href="#" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >功能二</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pg-body"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="catalog" id="catalog"> <div class="catalog-item" auto-to="function1"><a>第1张</a></div> <div class="catalog-item" auto-to="function2"><a>第2张</a></div> <div class="catalog-item" auto-to="function3"><a>第3张</a></div> </div> <div class="content" id="content"> <div menu="function1" class="section"> <h1>第一章</h1> </div> <div menu="function2" class="section"> <h1>第二章</h1> </div> <div menu="function3" class="section" style="height: 200px;"> <h1>第三章</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> function ScrollEvent(){ var bodyScrollTop = document.body.scrollTop; if(bodyScrollTop>50){ document.getElementsByClassName('catalog')[0].classList.add('fixed'); }else{ document.getElementsByClassName('catalog')[0].classList.remove('fixed'); } var content = document.getElementById('content'); var sections = content.children; for(var i=0;i<sections.length;i++){ var current_section = sections[i]; // 当前标签距离顶部绝对高度 var scOffTop = current_section.offsetTop + 60; // 当前标签距离顶部，相对高度 var offTop = scOffTop - bodyScrollTop; // 当前标签高度 var height = current_section.scrollHeight; if(offTop<0 && -offTop < height){ // 当前标签添加active // 其他移除 active // 如果已经到底部，现实第三个菜单 // 文档高度 ＝ 滚动高度 + 视口高度 var a = document.getElementsByClassName('content')[0].offsetHeight + 60; var b = bodyScrollTop + document.documentElement.clientHeight; console.log(a+60,b); if(a == b){ var menus = document.getElementById('catalog').children; var current_menu = document.getElementById('catalog').lastElementChild; current_menu.classList.add('active'); for(var j=0;j<menus.length;j++){ if(menus[j] == current_menu){ }else{ menus[j].classList.remove('active'); } } }else{ var menus = document.getElementById('catalog').children; var current_menu = menus[i]; current_menu.classList.add('active'); for(var j=0;j<menus.length;j++){ if(menus[j] == current_menu){ }else{ menus[j].classList.remove('active'); } } } break; } } } </script> </body> </html>
demo-滚动高度
7、提交表单
document.geElementById('form').submit()
8、其他操作
console.log 输出框 alert 弹出框 confirm 确认框 // URL和刷新 location.href 获取URL location.href = "url" 重定向 location.reload() 重新加载 // 定时器 setInterval 多次定时器 clearInterval 清除多次定时器 setTimeout 单次定时器 clearTimeout 清除单次定时器
三、事件
对于事件需要注意的要点：
-
- this
- event
- 事件链以及跳出
this标签当前正在操作的标签，event封装了当前事件的内容。
