SQLAlchemy使用
1、执行原生SQL语句
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
from models import Student,Course,Student2Courseengine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/s9day120?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
)
SessionFactory = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = scoped_session(SessionFactory)def task():
""""""
# 方式一：
"""
# 查询
# cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
# result = cursor.fetchall()# 添加
cursor = session.execute('INSERT INTO users(name) VALUES(:value)', params={"value": 'wupeiqi'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)
"""
# 方式二：
"""
# conn = engine.raw_connection()
# cursor = conn.cursor()
# cursor.execute(
# "select * from t1"
# )
# result = cursor.fetchall()
# cursor.close()
# conn.close()
"""# 将连接交还给连接池
session.remove()from threading import Threadfor i in range(20):
t = Thread(target=task)
t.start()
2、创建数据库表
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationshipBase = declarative_base()# ##################### 单表示例 #########################
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True)
age = Column(Integer, default=18)
email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
extra = Column(Text, nullable=True) __table_args__ = (
# UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
# Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
)class Hosts(Base):
__tablename__ = 'hosts' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True)
ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)# ##################### 一对多示例 #########################
class Hobby(Base):
__tablename__ = 'hobby'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id")) # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers')# ##################### 多对多示例 #########################class Server2Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server2group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups')class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)def init_db():
"""
根据类创建数据库表
:return:
"""
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
) Base.metadata.create_all(engine)def drop_db():
"""
根据类删除数据库表
:return:
"""
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
) Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)if __name__ == '__main__':
drop_db()
init_db()
方式一：
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Student,Course,Student2Courseengine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/s9day120?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
)
SessionFactory = sessionmaker(bind=engine)def task():
# 去连接池中获取一个连接
session = SessionFactory() ret = session.query(Student).all() # 将连接交还给连接池
session.close()from threading import Threadfor i in range(20):
t = Thread(target=task)
t.start()方式二：（推荐，基于Threading.local实现）
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
from models import Student,Course,Student2Courseengine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/s9day120?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
)
SessionFactory = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = scoped_session(SessionFactory)def task():
ret = session.query(Student).all()
# 将连接交还给连接池
session.remove()from threading import Threadfor i in range(20):
t = Thread(target=task)
t.start()
连接的两种方式
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
from models import Usersengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)"""
# 线程安全，基于本地线程实现每个线程用同一个session
# 特殊的：scoped_session中有原来方法的Session中的一下方法：public_methods = (
'__contains__', '__iter__', 'add', 'add_all', 'begin', 'begin_nested',
'close', 'commit', 'connection', 'delete', 'execute', 'expire',
'expire_all', 'expunge', 'expunge_all', 'flush', 'get_bind',
'is_modified', 'bulk_save_objects', 'bulk_insert_mappings',
'bulk_update_mappings',
'merge', 'query', 'refresh', 'rollback',
'scalar'
)
"""
session = scoped_session(Session)# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
session.add(obj1)# 提交事务
session.commit()
# 关闭session
session.close()
基于scoped_session实现线程安全
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threadingfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from db import Usersengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)def task(arg):
session = Session() obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
session.add(obj1) session.commit()for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
t.start()
多线程执行示例
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threadingfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hostsengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)session = Session()# 查询
# cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
# result = cursor.fetchall()# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)session.close()
原生sql语句
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threadingfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Personengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 添加
"""
session.add_all([
Hobby(caption='乒乓球'),
Hobby(caption='羽毛球'),
Person(name='张三', hobby_id=3),
Person(name='李四', hobby_id=4),
])person = Person(name='张九', hobby=Hobby(caption='姑娘'))
session.add(person)hb = Hobby(caption='人妖')
hb.pers = [Person(name='文飞'), Person(name='博雅')]
session.add(hb)session.commit()
"""# 使用relationship正向查询
"""
v = session.query(Person).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.hobby.caption)
"""# 使用relationship反向查询
"""
v = session.query(Hobby).first()
print(v.caption)
print(v.pers)
"""session.close()
基于relationship操作ForeignKey
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threadingfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Groupengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 添加
"""
session.add_all([
Server(hostname='c1.com'),
Server(hostname='c2.com'),
Group(name='A组'),
Group(name='B组'),
])
session.commit()s2g = Server2Group(server_id=1, group_id=1)
session.add(s2g)
session.commit()gp = Group(name='C组')
gp.servers = [Server(hostname='c3.com'),Server(hostname='c4.com')]
session.add(gp)
session.commit()ser = Server(hostname='c6.com')
ser.groups = [Group(name='F组'),Group(name='G组')]
session.add(ser)
session.commit()
"""# 使用relationship正向查询
"""
v = session.query(Group).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.servers)
"""# 使用relationship反向查询
"""
v = session.query(Server).first()
print(v.hostname)
print(v.groups)
"""session.close()
基于relationship操作m2m
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threadingfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text, func
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Groupengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()# 关联子查询
subqry = session.query(func.count(Server.id).label("sid")).filter(Server.id == Group.id).correlate(Group).as_scalar()
result = session.query(Group.name, subqry)
"""
SELECT `group`.name AS group_name, (SELECT count(server.id) AS sid
FROM server
WHERE server.id = `group`.id) AS anon_1
FROM `group`
"""# 原生SQL
"""
# 查询
cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
result = cursor.fetchall()# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)
"""session.close()
其他
